Geneva: Reformation and the Birth of Administration Archives
A brief summary
Welcome to "Really Calvin, is this an ideal life? A historical podcast." Today, we're exploring the administrative transformation of Geneva during the Reformation era.
In the 16th century, Geneva wasn't just experiencing religious upheaval; it was also undergoing a significant organizational revolution. The city's administrative documents, once in disarray, became the focus of a concerted effort to establish order and efficiency.
This period saw the creation of a dedicated archivist position, highlighting the growing importance of proper document management. Concurrently, we observe a fascinating linguistic shift: French, the vernacular, gradually replaced Latin in official documents, making administration more accessible to the general populace.
The city authorities also implemented new security measures to safeguard Geneva's rights and titles, including a sophisticated key system and the appointment of specific custodians. This reflects a growing awareness of the importance of preserving legal and historical records.
Perhaps most intriguingly, the establishment of a secretary role specifically for organizing city documents marks a significant step towards the professionalization of civic administration. This development offers valuable insights into the evolving nature of urban governance during this pivotal period.
These administrative reforms provide a unique lens through which we can examine the broader societal changes occurring in Reformation-era Geneva. They reveal a city not only grappling with religious transformation but also actively working to modernize its governance structures.
In our next episode, we'll delve deeper into how these administrative changes intersected with Calvin's theological reforms, exploring the complex interplay between religious ideology and practical governance in 16th-century Geneva.
Stay tuned, historians, as we continue to unravel the fascinating administrative history of Reformation Geneva.
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Script
Speaker #0 - All right. Welcome, everybody, to another Deep Dive. Today, we're going to be going through some really fascinating material from the Geneva Chancellery.
Speaker #1 - Ooh, exciting.
Speaker #0 - It is exciting. So we've got, you know, official records from back in the day. This is kind of their, you know, trying to figure out how to organize everything.
Speaker #1 - Right. All their important documents and things like that.
Speaker #0 - Exactly. Like all the important stuff that a city needs to run. So, you know, think property titles, legal rights, you know, all the official kind of records of what's going on.
Speaker #1 - Yeah.
Speaker #0 - But it sounds like they weren't exactly, you know, masters of organization at the very beginning.
Speaker #1 - Well, you know, to be fair, how many of us really are?
Speaker #0 - That is true. That is true.
Speaker #1 - But, you know, especially for a city that's going through such a huge transformation, right? It's not just the Reformation religiously, but that's impacting everything. Yeah.
Speaker #0 - Socially, politically.
Speaker #1 - Everything's changing. And in the middle of all that, you've got to be like, oh, wait, we need to keep track of all this stuff. This is important.
Speaker #0 - Yeah. We can't just like shove it in a drawer somewhere.
Speaker #1 - Exactly. And speaking of shoving things in a drawer.
Speaker #0 - Oh, is that a hint?
Speaker #1 - Maybe. Maybe.
Speaker #0 - Tell me more.
Speaker #1 - Well, what's fascinating is, like you said, they weren't exactly experts in organization right off the bat. And, you know, some of these documents, they were just chucked into this basement room.
Speaker #0 - Oh, no.
Speaker #1 - I kid you not. They called it the "grotte", right? The cave, basically. Can you picture it?
Speaker #0 - Oh, that's that does not bode well.
Speaker #1 - Dusty, damp, probably some cobwebs. Who knows what else?
Speaker #0 - Who knows what's down there?
Speaker #1 - Exactly. And these are like crucial legal documents, records, all just kind of piled in there.
Speaker #0 - So that's where we're starting.
Speaker #1 - That's our starting point.
Speaker #0 - From the "grotte" to, well, something better, hopefully.
Speaker #1 - To a system, hopefully. Something that resembles a system.
Speaker #0 - So in this deep dive, that's what we're looking at, right? Absolutely. How did they go from this chaos, this "grotte" situation, to something more organized?
Speaker #1 - Exactly. What were the big decisions? Who were the people pushing for it?
Speaker #0 - Who are the heroes of archival organization in early Geneva?
Speaker #1 - Right. The unsung heroes, perhaps, because it's not glamorous work, but it's so important.
Speaker #0 - So important.
Speaker #1 - And, you know, when you think about it, it really shows that even something as basic as record keeping has a history. It evolves. It's a process. It didn't just appear fully formed.
Speaker #0 - No. And driven by these, you know.
Speaker #1 - Real practical needs.
Speaker #0 - Like real problems they were having.
Speaker #1 - Exactly.
Speaker #0 - So let's get into it.
Speaker #1 - All right, let's dive in.
Speaker #0 - First off, let's talk about something super fundamental: language. Back in December 1537, this guy Claude Bernard, along with a commissioner named Cusini, they posed a question: should these official books be in Latin, which was, you know, traditional language of officialdom, or should they be in French way? Which was basically early French.
Speaker #1 - Right. The vernacular, the language people actually spoke.
Speaker #0 - Exactly. And their initial decision may be a bit surprising considering, you know, the whole Reformation thing. It was stick with Latin. Let's stick with what we know.
Speaker #1 - So even though, you know, the Reformation was all about making religious texts accessible to the people in their own language, when it came to official documents, there was still that pull towards the established language of scholarship and authority.
Speaker #0 - Yeah, it makes sense. Like, you know, you're in the middle of all this change. You want some things to stay the same.
Speaker #1 - Right, some continuity.
Speaker #0 - But that wasn't the end of the story, was it?
Speaker #1 - It wasn't, no. Things started to shift.
Speaker #0 - Because just a little over a year later, February, March 1539, we see a change, at least with the notaries.
Speaker #1 - Oh, interesting.
Speaker #0 - And it's a very direct ruling. They said "Arresté que tous les notaires estant sus laz terre de Messieurs escripvent tous actes en langue vulgayre."
Speaker #1 - Wow! Okay. Straight to the point.
Speaker #0 - Basically all notaries under the authority of the Lords of Geneva. I got to write everything in French.
Speaker #1 - Got it. No more Latin.
Speaker #0 - No more Latin for you.
Speaker #1 - So it sounds like they realized that, you know, for these legal and commercial transactions to actually work, people need to understand them.
Speaker #0 - Right. Exactly.
Speaker #1 - It's all about accessibility and transparency.
Speaker #0 - And it wasn't just a suggestion.
Speaker #1 - I don't know. They meant business.
Speaker #0 - They had this notary from Peney, Paul Balli, and they said: "Okay, you can practice, but everything's got to be in French."
Speaker #1 - Yeah.
Speaker #0 - And you got to submit your protocols, which are basically his registers.
Speaker #1 - Right, his official record.
Speaker #0 - Every three months.
Speaker #1 - Wow, regular check-ins.
Speaker #0 - Regular check-ins. And if he doesn't, he incurs the, quote, indignation of the lords.
Speaker #1 - Ooh, that's serious. Don't want that.
Speaker #0 - Don't mess with the lords of Geneva.
Speaker #1 - Sounds like a good rule of thumb.
Speaker #0 - Yeah. And this kind of lines up with what was happening elsewhere in Europe too, right?
Speaker #1 - It does, actually. Around the same time, in 1539, King Francois I of France, he issued the Ordinance of Villers-Côtteret, which famously made French the official language for all legal proceedings in France.
Speaker #0 - So Geneva is a little bit ahead of the curve here.
Speaker #1 - Yeah, a little bit. But it shows this broader trend of making official language, you know, the language of the people, it's a big deal.
Speaker #0 - Yeah, it's a big deal. So we've got the language thing starting to get sorted out. But now we've got all these documents. What do we do with them?
Speaker #1 - Where do they go?
Speaker #0 - Where do they go? And obviously security is a big concern.
Speaker #1 - Of course. Yeah.
Speaker #0 - So by January 1538, they're starting to get really worried about protecting what they call "Droits".
Speaker #1 - "Droits", okay! What are those exactly
Speaker #0 - These are like all the uh all the records of rights titles, you know, all those important uh crucial papers and they decide "okay, we're gonna put them in the "grottes", the "grottes" which are vaults.
Speaker #1 - Okay, makes sense. Vaults for important thing.
Speaker #0 - Yeah! They're down in the basement of the town hall.
Speaker #1 - All right. Nice and secure.
Speaker #0 - But it gets even more interesting...
Speaker #1 - So, okay. I am intrigued.
Speaker #0 - ... they come up with this four key system.
Speaker #1 - Four keys! Wow!
Speaker #0 - Yeah. So two keys are held by the syndics who are like the the main magistrates of Geneva, and then two keys are held by elected individuals.
Speaker #1 - Interesting. So no one person can just vaults in there.
Speaker #0 - No. You got to have a team. You got to work together.
Speaker #1 - So, it's not just about physical security. Right. It's about checks and balances...
Speaker #0 - Yeah, absolutely.
Speaker #1 - ... It's about making sure no one has too much power.
Speaker #0 - Like a very early version of like distributed authority or something like that.
Speaker #1 - Right. Exactly. And, honestly, that's a principle that's still relevant today.
Speaker #0 - It is, yeah.
Speaker #1 - Especially with information security and all that.
Speaker #0 - Yeah, so they're kind of ahead of their time in a way.
Speaker #1 - A little bit, yeah. Forward thinking.
Speaker #0 - So who are these elected individuals?
Speaker #1 - Well, the names we have are Étienne Chapeau-Rouge and Michel Sept. And to make sure everything was above board, they also mandated that each vault had to have a logbook.
Speaker #0 - Oh...
Speaker #1 - Every time a document was removed, you had to write it down.
Speaker #0 - Oh, so like an early chain of custody.
Speaker #1 - Exactly. You know who took it out, when all the details.
Speaker #0 - Very thorough.
Speaker #1 - They were serious about protecting these documents.
Speaker #0 - And then there were the council registers, right?
Speaker #1 - The minutes of the council meetings.
Speaker #0 - Super important.
Speaker #1 - Oh, absolutely. The record of their decisions, their discussions.
Speaker #0 - And those were even more restricted.
Speaker #1 - Oh, really?
Speaker #0 - Yeah. Initially, you couldn't even look at them.
Speaker #1 - Wow.
Speaker #0 - Like unless, unless the Signory, which is basically the governing council, decided they wanted a history of the city written.
Speaker #1 - So only for official history purposes.
Speaker #0 - Yeah. And even then, the historians could only look at one register at a time.
Speaker #1 - Wow. One at a time.
Speaker #0 - Under supervision, probably.
Speaker #1 - I wouldn't be surprised.
Speaker #0 - You know, white gloves, the whole thing.
Speaker #1 - Handling them with care.
Speaker #0 - Yeah. And we even know the names of some of these early historians, right?
Speaker #1 - We do. Francois Bonnivard. He was the former prior of Saint-Victor. And then later, Antoinr Froment, who was actually married to Marie Dentières, the theologian.
Speaker #0 - Oh, wow!
Speaker #1 - So quite a lineage there.
Speaker #0 - Yeah, so you can just imagine them pouring over these registers.
Speaker #1 - Yeah, shaping the historical narrative of Geneva.
Speaker #0 - Pretty cool.
Speaker #1 - It is pretty cool.
Speaker #0 - But there was still a problem, wasn't there?
Speaker #1 - There was. As secure as those vaults were, the "grotte" itself was still a mess.
Speaker #0 - Right. It's still the "grotte".
Speaker #1 - The documents were just all jumbled up in there.
Speaker #0 - Yeah, all... piled together.
Speaker #1 - Our source even says "entreposés pêle mêle", which basically means all mixed up haphazardly.
Speaker #0 - Not helpful.
Speaker #1 - Not helpful at all. Every time they needed a specific document, it was like a treasure hunt.
Speaker #0 - Oh, I can imagine.
Speaker #1 - They had to move everything around just to make sure they had the right one.
Speaker #0 - Not efficient.
Speaker #1 - Definitely not efficient. And that's really what pushed them towards a more organized system. The grot was just too chaotic.
Speaker #0 - Yeah. So they needed a solution.
Speaker #1 - They needed a solution.
Speaker #0 - And that solution was.
Speaker #1 - Well, it started with recognizing that they needed a dedicated person for this.
Speaker #0 - Like a professional organizer.
Speaker #1 - Exactly. Someone who could bring order to the chaos.
Speaker #0 - That's how the archivist was born, right?
Speaker #1 - In a way, yes. It was a direct response to this practical problem.
Speaker #0 - They were like, okay, we need someone who's good at this.
Speaker #1 - Right. Someone who can make sense of all these documents.
Speaker #0 - And it wasn't just about the general city rights either.
Speaker #1 - No, there were other records that needed special attention like the criminal proceedings. Those were considered very sensitive.
Speaker #0 - Yeah, I can imagine.
Speaker #1 - So by 1543, they decided, OK, these are going in a separate vault.
Speaker #0 - Oh, wow.
Speaker #1 - A seven key vault, in fact.
Speaker #0 - Seven keys.
Speaker #1 - Seven keys. So even more people involved. The syndics, the treasurer, the controller Mallagnod, and the secretary all had keys.
Speaker #0 - So lots of oversight.
Speaker #1 - Lots of oversight. And it shows just how seriously they took these criminal records.
Speaker #0 - Right. Because those could have huge consequences.
Speaker #1 - Absolutely. They wanted to make sure everything was handled properly.
Speaker #0 - With all the proper procedures.
Speaker #1 - Exactly. No room for error.
Speaker #0 - So. By the 1540s, it seems like things are starting to get more organized.
Speaker #1 - Definitely. They're realizing that they need more formal structures for managing all these documents.
Speaker #0 - So what happened next?
Speaker #1 - Well, in 1542, we see the first mention of a secretary.
Speaker #0 - What's that?
Speaker #1 - It's basically a registry, a central place to keep all the city's papers.
Speaker #0 - Oh, okay, like a central hub?
Speaker #1 - Exactly. And they even considered using the "Salle neuve".
Speaker #0 - The new hall.
Speaker #1 - Yeah, the new hall. as a possible location.
Speaker #0 - Makes sense. Like, let's have a dedicated spot for all this stuff.
Speaker #1 - Right. No more "grotte".
Speaker #0 - So much better than the "grotte".
Speaker #1 - And it shows they're starting to think about the benefits of centralization.
Speaker #0 - Yeah. Having everything in one place.
Speaker #1 - Makes it easier to manage, to find what you need.
Speaker #0 - Makes sense. And the notaries were also being kept on their toes, right?
Speaker #1 - Oh, absolutely. They didn't get off easy.
Speaker #0 - Because from 1543 onwards, there were all these ordinances. requiring them to submit inventories of all the instruments they had received.
Speaker #1 - Okay, so like a list of all the documents they had dealt with?
Speaker #0 - Yeah, every three months.
Speaker #1 - Still those regular check-ins.
Speaker #0 - Regular check-ins. And this was specifically to help the city retrieve any records that belonged to them.
Speaker #1 - Right, so they could keep track of their own documents, even if they were stored with the notaries.
Speaker #0 - Clever. So everyone's got to be organized now.
Speaker #1 - Everyone. It was becoming a citywide effort.
Speaker #0 - And even the Chamber of Accounts started having problems.
Speaker #1 - Oh no, not the Chamber of Accounts.
Speaker #0 - Yeah. By 1544, they're complaining about the confusions.
Speaker #1 - Confusions?
Speaker #0 - Yeah, because all their financial records were mixed up with other documents.
Speaker #1 - Oh, so it's not just the "grotte" anymore. The problem is spreading.
Speaker #0 - Right. And their solution was to separate these different types of records.
Speaker #1 - Okay.
Speaker #0 - And to have dedicated personnel for the Chamber of Accounts and for the Chancellery.
Speaker #1 - Makes sense. You need people with specific expertise.
Speaker #0 - Right, because financial records are different from...
Speaker #1 - From legal documents, from property titles.
Speaker #0 - Exactly. So it's getting more special.
Speaker #1 - More specialized, more professional.
Speaker #0 - And then from 1545 to 1547, it's like a whirlwind of activity.
Speaker #1 - Okay. What happened?
Speaker #0 - So many appointments, committees, all focused on getting those "droits" organized.
Speaker #1 - So those crucials City documents.
Speaker #0 - Yeah. We've got syndics, Louis Bernard, secretary Beguin. All sorts of people in the vault.
Speaker #1 - It's busy time.
Speaker #0 - And they even considered using the vault under the iron storage.
Speaker #1 - Interesting choice.
Speaker #0 - You know, like they're really trying to find the right place.
Speaker #1 - Yeah, they're getting creative.
Speaker #0 - For all this stuff. And all this leads to a really big moment, right?
Speaker #1 - Right, I'm ready for it.
Speaker #0 - In July and September of 1547, they decide, we need a general.
Speaker #1 - A general? What does that mean?
Speaker #0 - Like an overseer, specifically for organizing all those "droits".
Speaker #1 - Ah, okay. So like a chief organizer.
Speaker #0 - Yeah, and the perfect candidate.
Speaker #1 - Who was it?
Speaker #0 - Claude Roset.
Speaker #1 - Claude Roset. I like the sound of this guy.
Speaker #0 - Right. He's like the proto-archivist.
Speaker #1 - Yeah, the pioneer.
Speaker #0 - The pioneer of archival science in Geneva.
Speaker #1 - That's a good title.
Speaker #0 - So it's like, this is a big deal, right? It's huge. They're finally saying, look, this record-keeping stuff, this is a real job.
Speaker #1 - Yeah, it needs a dedicated professional.
Speaker #0 - But Roset, he wasn't so sure at first.
Speaker #1 - Oh, why not?
Speaker #0 - Well, he had his own stuff going on. And he's like, look: "this is a lot of work. I'm going to need some help. I'm going to need a servant. "
Speaker #1 - Makes sense. You can't organize a whole city's archives by yourself.
Speaker #0 - And he needs to be paid properly.
Speaker #1 - Of course. Yeah.
Speaker #0 - So September 1547, they try a different approach. They decide, okay, the council secretary is going to live in the city's house, and we're going to hire a servant specifically to help organize the droids.
Speaker #1 - So more of a team effort.
Speaker #0 - Yeah. And make those inventories.
Speaker #1 - Okay. So it's becoming more formalized.
Speaker #0 - Right. More structured.
Speaker #1 - Less ad hoc.
Speaker #0 - Yeah, exactly. And it's not just the city records anymore either, right?
Speaker #1 - Oh, right. What else was going on?
Speaker #0 - They were also working on organizing the church records.
Speaker #1 - The church records.
Speaker #0 - Yeah, the "droits des églises".
Speaker #1 - Interesting. So they're recognizing that this is important for both secular and religious institutions?
Speaker #0 - Absolutely. And it started back in 1546.
Speaker #1 - Okay.
Speaker #0 - So even before they decided on Roset for the city records.
Speaker #1 - So parallel efforts.
Speaker #0 - Yeah. And they were also using signed receipts for any... borrowed instruments.
Speaker #1 - Smart. Keep track of everything.
Speaker #0 - So accountability is a big theme here.
Speaker #1 - Definitely. They're realizing that these documents are valuable, and they need to be treated with care.
Speaker #0 - And then finally we get to the formal appointment.
Speaker #1 - The moment we've all been waiting for.
Speaker #0 - Drum roll please.
Speaker #1 - Drum roll sound.
Speaker #0 - Claude Roset and Francois Beguin.
Speaker #1 - Okay. Tell me everything.
Speaker #0 - So 1548, Roset officially becomes the general for organizing city rights.
Speaker #1 - He got the job.
Speaker #0 - He got the job, and they even negotiated his salary.
Speaker #1 - Oh, interesting.
Speaker #0 - Yeah, they settled on 350 florins per year.
Speaker #1 - Not bad.
Speaker #0 - Plus payment for attending council meetings.
Speaker #1 - Nice little perk.
Speaker #0 - So they're really taking this seriously.
Speaker #1 - They're investing in him.
Speaker #0 - Right, they're investing in good record keeping.
Speaker #1 - Smart move.
Speaker #0 - But then, late... 1549, Roset's like, my initial term's up. I'm not doing this for free.
Speaker #1 - Fair enough.
Speaker #0 - He wants a salary.
Speaker #0 - Rightfully so.
Speaker #0 - So they come up with a new plan.
Speaker #1 - Okay, what's that?
Speaker #0 - Two secretaries.
Speaker #1 - Two?
Speaker #0 - Two. Claude Roset and Francois Beguin.
Speaker #1 - All right, so they brought in some reinforcements.
Speaker #0 - Yeah, they're sharing the responsibilities.
Speaker #1 - Makes sense. It's a big job.
Speaker #0 - And they're both getting 100 florins per year but there's a catch: one of them has to live in the city's house.
Speaker #1 - Ah, so they're always on call.
Speaker #0 - Yeah, and no books or documents can be taken out.
Speaker #1 - Okay, so they're really clamping down on security.
Speaker #0 - Absolutely. Everything stays on the premises.
Speaker #1 - Smart. Keeps everything safe and organized.
Speaker #0 - And the Council of 200 officially approves this in February 1550.
Speaker #1 - It's official.
Speaker #0 - It's official. We have secretaries.
Speaker #1 - Geneva has secretaries.
Speaker #0 - But then, early 1550, Roset comes back.
Speaker #1 - Oh, what does he want now?
Speaker #0 - He needs more space. He's like, look, I can't do my job properly. We need more room to organize all these "droits".
Speaker #1 - The archives are growing.
Speaker #0 - They're growing. So they clear out some rooms in the Chamber of Accounts, and they start looking for a more permanent, bigger space.
Speaker #1 - So it's a work in progress.
Speaker #0 - It's a work in progress. It never really ends, does it?
Speaker #1 - Yeah. No, it doesn't. But that's kind of the beauty of it, right? That it's constantly adapting, improving.
Speaker #0 - So we started with the "grotte".
Speaker #1 - The chaotic "grotte".
Speaker #0 - And we've ended up with, well...
Speaker #1 - With a system.
Speaker #0 - A system. Secretaries, dedicated spaces, language guidelines.
Speaker #1 - It's a huge transformation.
Speaker #0 - It is. And it all happened in what, like 15 years?
Speaker #1 - Yeah. Very impressive.
Speaker #0 - It really makes you think about the importance of these, you know, seemingly boring administrative decisions.
Speaker #1 - Right. Like who cares about record keeping?
Speaker #0 - But they have such a big impact.
Speaker #1 - They really do. I mean, think about it. Those early decisions about language, security, organization, they shaped how Geneva was governed, how its history was recorded. We're still feeling the effects of those decisions today.
Speaker #0 - That's amazing. It's like the butterfly effect of bureaucracy.
Speaker #1 - Yeah, exactly. You know, one little decision about where to store a document can have ripple effects for centuries.
Speaker #0 - That's wild. So what do you think? What's the big takeaway for our listeners here?
Speaker #1 - I think it's that even the most basic functions of government have a history. They evolve. They're shaped by practical challenges, and sometimes it's the unsung heroes like Claude Roset, who make all the difference.
Speaker #0 - The archivists of the world.
Speaker #1 - Right. They're the ones who bring order to the chaos.
Speaker #0 - And without them, well, we wouldn't have this deep dive, would we?
Speaker #1 - We wouldn't have much of anything, honestly. History would be a lot harder to study.
Speaker #0 - That's for sure. So to all the archivists out there, thank you.
Speaker #1 - Thank you for your service.
Speaker #0 - You are the unsung heroes.
Speaker #1 - Absolutely.
Speaker #0 - And to our listeners. Think about those early decisions, you know, how they shaped things.
Speaker #1 - Seemingly small things that can have a big impact.
Speaker #0 - And maybe, just maybe. Take a moment to appreciate your local archivist.
Speaker #1 - Definitely. Go visit your archives.
Speaker #0 - They're full of fascinating stories.
Speaker #1 - Absolutely. And who knows, maybe you'll discover the next Claude Roset.
Speaker #0 - That's it for this Deep Dive.
Speaker #1 - Until next time.
Speaker #0 - See ya.
Sources
Dr. Christophe Chazalon
At the time of the Reformation, the Petit Conseil wanted to secure important documents (Council registers, Titres et droits, criminal trials, accounting records, etc.). To do so, it decided to store them in the “grotte”, a room in the basement of the Maison de la Ville (a kind of Town Hall). But consulting the documents quickly became a problem, as everything was stored in a jumble. Each time, you have to move everything around, check that it's the right document, etc. The need for tidying and filing soon became apparent, but how and by whom? A position was created specifically for this task, and the archivist was born in Geneva.
It should also be noted that while the “grosses” of titles and rights are easily handed over to the commissioners of acknowledgments or extents for consultation, copying or regrouping, the same cannot be said of the registers of the Councils and the minutes and documents of legal proceedings (“procès”), which can neither be consulted nor loaned.
A.E.G., R.C. 31, fol. 131 / R.C. impr., n.s, t. II/1, p. 435 / 11 décembre 1537
(C. Bernard) — Claude Bernard, pour luy et le commissaire Cusini, demande s’il feront les livres en latin au en françoye. Sur quoy est resolut qu’il les facent en latin, suyvant les precedens. Sus le reste que ledict Claude Bernard demande, la response est sus les articles par luy escript icy attaiché1.
A.E.G., R.C. 31, fol. 161v° / R.C. impr., n.s, t. III/1, p. 26-27 / 16 janvier 1538 / 200 [published in dans S.D.G., t. II, n° 741 et n° 742, p. 342-343]
(Des clefz ; Des droitz) — Pour et affin qu’à l’advenir les droitz que appertiennent au commung et bien publicque de nostre ville, par la grace de Dieu du tout en noz mains cheuz, aussi certains procès et escriptures sont seans dangereulx de cheoir en folles mains, est arresté que pour l’advenir bon et proffitable, que es croctes des drois aye tousjours quattres clefz, et [p. 27] d’ycelles les deux soyent es mains des seigneurs sindicques et les aultres deux es mains de deux à ce esleuz. Et sont esleuz icy pour asseurement les garder chescung une, c’est à scavoir Estienne Chappeaulx Rouge une et Michiel Sept une aultre, avecque ceste condition que quant il sera besoing aller esdictes croctes, chescung se il doege trouver personnellement avecque sa clefz et en chescune crocte soit myst ung livre pour escripre ce que desdictes croctes se sortira, affin en tenir meilleur compte.
A.E.G., R.C. 33, fol. 17v° / R.C. impr., n.s, t. IV/1, p. 76 / 18 février 1539 / 200 [published in S.D.G., t. II, n° 754, p. 347]
(Dictum des notayres) — Arresté que tous les notayres estant sus laz terre de Messrs escripvent tous actes en langue vulgayre.
A.E.G., R.C. 33, fol. 46 / R.C. impr., n.s, t. IV/1, p. 112-113 / 14 mars 1539
(Paule Balli, de Peyciez) — Lequelt az prier le volloyr admecstre az notayre juré de Pigney, soy offrant fere ce que l’on luy comanderaz. Arresté, pour ce que deyjaz az esté admys ceans az juré, que l’on le donne licence de receypvre les instrument. Toutesfoys, que tous instrument qu’il recepvraz soyent en lengue [p. 113] vulgayre, fere selees les instruments et, de troys moys en troys moys, apporter ses prothocolles, icy, pour voyer les loud diheuz az Messrs et ce, sus laz poenne de l’indignation de Messrs.
A.E.G., R.C. 33, fol. 122 / R.C. impr., n.s, t. IV/1, p. 218 / 13 mai 1539 [published in S.D.G., t. II, n° 762, p. 352]
— Item, que toutes manieres de gens, lesquieulx auront en leurs maiens prothocolles des notayres trapassés, non estant comys, les ayent az reveller et icyeulx fere apporter en laz Moyson de laz Ville, et ce sus laz poienne de lx s.
A.E.G., R.C. 35, fol. 571 / 28 avril 1542
(Inventayre des prothocolles des notayres deffunct) — Ordonné que le seigneur lieutenant, coment juge ordinayre, doybje fere tous inventayres desdictz prothocolles et que il doybje commencé à cieulx de feu egrege Richard Vellu, lesqueulx sont comys à discret Pierre Buctin, notayre.
A.E.G., R.C. 35, fol. 571v° / 28 avril 1542
(Secretayrie) — Ordonné qu’il soyt faycte une secretayrie en la sale nove, pour retirer les papiers de la Ville.
(Secretayrie) — Ordonné qu’il soyt fayct une secretayrie pour retiré les papiers et que elle seroyt bien propice en la sale nove.
A.E.G., R.C. 37, fol. 48 / 02 avril 1543 [published in S.D.G., t. II, n° 811, p. 435]
(Les notayres) — Ordonné que tous les notayres, quartemps pour quartemps, doybgent apporter les designations des instrumens qu’il avoient recyeu, affin retyré les loudz appartenant à la Ville.
A.E.G., R.C. 37, fol. 142 / 02 juillet 1543
(Prossès criminel) — L’on a refferus coment lesdictz prossès criminel sont estés remys en la crotte de la Mayson de la Ville, en l’arche des sept clés, et les clés hont estés remises coment s’ensuyct, assavoyer à ung chascun des seigneurs scindicques une, la cinquiesme aut seigneur tressorier et la sixieme au contreroleur Mallagnyo, et la derniere aut secretaire.
(Droys de la Ville) –– Ordonné que incontinant apprès disné l’on aye à aller aux crottes, tant de la Moyson de la Ville que de Sainct-Pierre, pour chercher et reduyre en ordre les droys de la Ville.
A.E.G., R.C. 37, fol. 274v° / 16 novembre 1543
(Lieu pour retiré les droys de la Ville) — Ordonné que le seigneur Pernet de Fosses doybge fere accoustré la petite seconde crocte de la Moyson de la Ville, prest les degrés, pour retiré en icelle les droys de la Ville.
A.E.G., R.C. 38, fol. 254v° / 17 septembre 1544
(Ordonance pour les droys de la Ville) — Icy a esté parlé que ilz a confussions en la Chambre des Contes à cause de ce qui les instrumentz et les droys sont en ladicte Chambre que confont les contez etc. Et qui seroyt bons de sepairer les contez et les droys et deputez gentz, tant pour la Chambre des Contes appart, et les commis des droys appartz. Sur quoy, advisé que soyt faict une ordonance et mode de proceder audict affaire, et soyent commis de gens propre à cella faire, à savoir des auldicteurs des contes d’une part separer, et pour la chancellerie d’aultre partz ; toutesfois ce pendant ilz soyent parachevefz les contes des massons.
A.E.G., R.C. 38, fol. 401v / 07 octobre 1544
(Droys de la Ville) — Lesqueulx fure extrayct de la crocte Sainct-Pierre pour registré et sur ce, ordonné qu’il soyent retorner en ladicte crocte, et cependant que l’on advise lieu propre pour reduyre lesdictz droys.
A.E.G., R.C. 39, fol. 76v° / 22 décembre 1544
(Livre de l’evesque de la Ville) — Ledictz commissaire a ausy prier le communiqué le lyvre de la Ville, affin qu’il puysse parachevé à sa commission. Ordonné que icelluy soyt extrayct de la crocte, et soyt remys en la Moyson de la Ville pour le luy communiquer en temps opportune.
A.E.G., R.C. 40, fol. 21v° / 13 février 1545
(Audicteurs des comptes ; Droys de la Ville) — Ordonné que les audicteurs des comptes que seront acceptés par les Deux Cens n’ayent aultre charge forsque de aoyr les comptes et que les droys de la Ville que sont en ladicte Chambre soyent ostees d’icelle et remys en quelque aultre lieu seur et comode pour les communiqué aux admodieurs quant il en auront besoing.
A.E.G., R.C. 40, fol. 152v° / 17 juin 1545
(Comis à mecstre ordre sus les droys de la Ville) — A esté ordonné qui seroyt bien propre que l’on des seigneurs scindicques aye la garde desd. droys, joinct le seigneur Louis Bernard et le secretayre Beguin, et soyent tenuz de suyvre à les reduyre en ordre en quelque lieu seur.
A.E.G., R.C. 40, fol. 153v° / 18 juin 1545
(Droys de la Ville et lieu pour les retirer) — Ayant ouyr la relation des seigneurs, monsieur le sindicques Des Ars, monsieur le tresorier, Lois Bernard, Anthoenne Chicant et aultres commis pour visité le lieu de mectre les droys, lesquieulx hont rapporter que ilz trouvent la crocte desoubtz là hout l’on tient le fert pour la plus commode ? que l’on sceu trouver, toutesfois qui est de besoings de faire des lucanes et des tablaux. Ordonné qui soyt ainsi faict au moyens mal, ainsi qui sera expedient et que lesdictz droys ilz soyent reposer.
A.E.G., R.C 40, fol. 327v° / 15 décembre 1545
(Droys de la Ville) — Ordoné que cieulx que sont deputés à reduyre les droys de la Ville en la crocte de la Moyson de la Ville, il doybgent suyvre de jour en jour.
A.E.G., R.C. 40, fol. 364v° / 1er février 1546
(Les livres des recognoissances de la Ville) — Ordonné que icieulx soyent reduyts en la petite crocte de la Mayson de la Ville et la garde des clez soyent remises aut seigneur Loys Bernard et à l’on des secretayres du Conseyl.
(Registrement des droys des eglises) — A esté ordoné que les seigneurs Jehan Lambert, conscindique, Domenne Arlo, Girardin de La Rive, que tiennent admodiation les revenus desdictes eglises, ausy le commissayre Messerii et le secretaire du Conseyl, ce doybgent assemblés journellement en la sale nove de la Mayson de la Ville pour reduyre et registré et mecstre en ordre lesd. droys, et il leur sera satisfaict de leur poienne.
A.E.G., R.C. 41, fol. 74v° / 16 avril 1546
(Admodieurs des eglises) — Ordonné que quant les admodieurs des eglises vouldront en quantité des instrumens des eglises, qui ce doybgent tous signés à les rendre.
A.E.G., R.C. 41, fol. 76 / 19 avril 1546
(Les admodiations) — Suyvant que plussieurs hont mis les expedicion, lesquieulles ilz n’ont point fiancé, que tombe desordre, dont ilz est de besoings de faire fiancé, arresté que ilz soyent apellé les admodateurs après digné et que l’on les face fiancé comme ilz appertient etc.
A.E.G., R.C. 41, fol. 118v° / 21 juin 1546
(Les notayres) — Ordonné qui soyt faict comandement à tous notayres que de troys moys en troys moys, il doybgent apporter leur designations des instruments par eulx receu.
(Droys des eglises) — Pource que l'on a proposé que il n'y a nul bon ordre à la deslyvrance des droys des eglises et pour la preservacion d'icieulx, a esté advisé de fere des ordonances sus tel affere et qui soyt sur cella deputé home propice, et sont estés, sur ce, commys les seigneurs audicteurs des comptes, adjoinct le seigneur scindicque de La Rive.
A.E.G., R.C. 42, fol. 146 / 14 juin 1547
(Comys à la garde des droys de la Ville) — A esté advisé qui est bien expedient de establyr home propre qui aye commission des droys de la Ville pour les trové et communiqué quant besoing sera aux admodieurs de la Ville, et sur ce, ordonné que les seigneurs François Beguin, conscindique, Claude Roset et Dominique d'Arloz, conselliers, ce doybgent assemblés pour dresser ordonances sus tel affere.
A.E.G., R.C. 42, fol. 179v° / 18 juillet 1547
(General pour mecstre en ordre les droys de la Ville) — Affin que les droys soyent mys en bon ordre et que l'on s'en puysse ayder quant besoing sera, a esté advisé de constitué ung general, lequelt aura telle charge, soub ung sallayre gracieulx, et que le plus propre sera le seigneur Claude Roset, mès avant fere telle constitucion, soyent assemblés des seigneurs du Conseyl pour dresser des ordonances sur tel affere.
A.E.G., R.C. 42, fol. 236 / 06 septembre 1547
(General de la Ville pour mecstre en ordre les droys de la Ville) — Affin de reduyre tous les droys de la Ville en en (sic) bon ordre, a esté ordonné qui soyt constitué home propre pour cella fere, et sont estés dressés des ordonances que l'on trouve raysonable, et que le seigneur Claude Roset sera bien propre ce fere.
(Recognoissance de la Ville) — Quant aux recognoissances de la Ville, ordonné qui soyent mys en la petite crocte, soub le petit poyle de la Mayson de la Ville, pour plus comodement les monstrer à cieulx qui sera expedient.
A.E.G., R.C. 42, fol. 237 / 08 septembre 1547
(General pour reduyre les droys de la ville à part) — Sur ce qui avoyt esté ballié aut seigneur Roset aulcunes ordonances sus la reduction et ordre desd. droys pour en scavoyer son advys, si volloyt accepter telle charge ou non, lequelt, apprès les remerciations faictes, a dicst ne povoyt bonement layssé sa mayson pour venyr en une aultre et qui a plussieurs poiennes à fere et poursuyvre cella, et qui fault avoyer gage competant pour entretenyr ung serviteur, et que l'on il aye advys, cart de luy il ce veult employé en tout ce qui sera possible. Resoluz que le secrethaire que sera du Conseyl doybge venyr demoré en la mayson qu'est de la Ville où demore Gervex le Cordanyer, et à icelluy soyt establyr gage competant pour entretenyr serviteur pour reduyre les droys de la Ville à part et fere les inventayres, et que le plus toust qui sera possible, que l'on il mecste la maen.
A.E.G., R.C. 42, fol. 327 / 10 novembre 1547
(Esdictz sus les receptes des eglises) – Pource que les admodiaeurs des eglises font poyé plussieurs censes, lesquelles n’hont estés poyés dempuys trente à quarante ans en çà, ordonné que lesdictz admodiateurs ne doybgent compellyr persone à poyé lesdictes censes synon celles accoustumees de poyé et que seront estés recovrés dempys trente ans en çà, et que cecy soyt mys aux Deux Cens demaen.
A.E.G., R.C. 42, fol. 330 / 12 novembre 1547 / 200
— Ordonances sus les receptes des eglises a esté rappourter l’advys du Petit Conseyl, c’est de ne exiger les censes lesquelles ne seront estés exigés dempuys trente ans en çà. Sur quoy, les admodieurs n’y ont voulsu conscentyr, disant cella estre le grand domage de la Ville et que l’on peult fere ce qui playra.
Ordonné qui soyent appellés en la Chambre des Comptes pour voyer si hont poyé et fayct les recognoissances et coctet, et voyer si ont observé lectres et seaulx, et soyent deputés 2 scindicques : Roset, E. Chappeau Roge.Des Deux Cens, Ja. Des Ars, Jesse, de Archa, François-Philibert Donezl, pour fere des ordonnances et puys rapporter aut premier Conseyl des 200, et que les afferes soyent debastus.
A.E.G., R.C. 42, fol. 343 / 21 novembre 1547 [published in S.D.G., t. II, n° 848, p. 514 = dernier paragraphe du RC publié dans les S.D.G. pour l'année 1547]
(Enterrement ; Baptesme ; Prothocolles) — Icy a esté ordoné que les enterreurs soyent demandés voyer si sont venuz revellé en la banche du droyct les mors et si ne l'ont faict, leur soyt faict remonstrances et soyt de rechier comandé esd. enterreurs qui doybgent venyr revellé les mors aut secrethaire du droyct, que seront tenuz cella registré en ung livre et cieulx que seront enterrés à Sainct-Gervex, soyent revellés aux ministres de Sainct-Gervex que debvront ausy cella enregistrer.
Plus, ordonné que les ministres deoybgent escripre cieulx qui baptize.
Plus, ordonné que les prothocolles et commissaires des prothocolles soyent registrés en ung aultre livre.
Et an pour an, lesd. livres soyent remys en la Mayson de la Ville.
A.E.G., R.C. 42, dol. 364 / 12 décembre 1547
(Les registres anciens du Conseyl episcopal) — Pource que par icieulx ce pourroyt consté de une proteste faicte en l’affere du seigneur du Crest et que tel registres sont riere la vefve de Viennesii, ordonné que le seigneur tressorier de Fosses doybge allé vers elle pour les retiré.
A.E.G., R.C. 43, fol. 26v° / 24 février 1548
(Pour reduyre les droys de la Ville) — A esté ordonné le seigneur Claude Roset, pour reduyre icieulx droys, et qui luy soyt ballié une chambre propre dans la Mayson de la Ville pour ce fere etc. Et le seigneur scindicque de Fosses les luy pourra communiqué ainsin qui verra estre de besoing.
A.E.G., R.C. 43, fol. 79 / 30 avril 1548
(Reduction des droys de la Ville ; Le seigneur Claude Roset) — Pour luy dresser des ordonances et establyr son gage pour suyvre à la commission à luy commise de reduyre les droys en ordre, la charge a esté donné aux seigneurs Pernet de Fosses, Pierre Wandel, conscindicques, et Girardin de La Rive, consellier, et estant faictes lesd. ordonances, icelles soyent visités en Conseyl.
A.E.G., R.C. 43, fol. 93 / 18 mai 1548
(Le seigneur Claude Roset) — Lequelt a esté deputé general pour reduyre les droys de la Ville en ordre et hont estés lisues ses astrictions et condicions qui sont estés acceptés, et ordonné de les luy monstré et quant à son gage, que l'on il advisera avecque lungdy prochain. Et pour parlé à luy dudictz gage, sont estés deputés les seigneurs Pernet de Fosses et Pierre Wandel, conscindicques.
A.E.G., R.C. 43, fol. 95 / 21 mai 1548
(Gages du general) — Pource que le seigneur Claude Roset a esté deputé general pour reduyre et mecstre en ordre les droys de la Ville et luy a esté ballié sa charge par escript, ordonné qui luy soyt ballié de gage,pour ung an, deux cens et cinquante florin pour luy et cinquante florin pour son serviteur, qu'est en somme troys cens florin, et viendra en Conseyl quant il luy playra.
A.E.G., R.C. 43, fol. 96 / 22 mai 1548
(Le seigneur Claude Roset) — Lequelt estoyt deputé general pour reduyre les droys de la Ville en ordre et ne ce veult contenter des troys cent florin pour ung an, mès demande cent escus, et sur ce, ordonné qui luy soyt ballié pour toutes choses 350 ff. et qui doybge venyr en Conseyl, et que oultre cella, cesd. Conseyl luy soyent poyés.
A.E.G., R.C. 43, fol. 98 / 24 mai 1548
(Le seigneur Claude Roset) — Lequelt est deputé general pour reduyre les droys de la Ville en ordre et ayant entendu sa proposite et requeste, resoluz qui luy soyt fayct instrument des condicions à luy balliés et establissement de son gage pour ung an, qu'est de troys cens cinquante florin, oultre ses Conseyl ordinaire, desqueulx sera poyé quant il assistera, et luy soyt faict sa premiere parcelle, et qui doybge commencé son terme le premier de may present, et si faict quelque reparacions, cella soyt poyé par la Seigneurie.
A.E.G., R.C. 43, fol. 295v° / 02 février 1549
(Prossès criminelz) — Les seygneurs sindicques de present, qui ont parachevé leur annunce audictz office de scindical, ce sont assemblés pour retiré les prossès criminel dans la crocte, mès pource que la grace Dieu, ceste annee a esté transquile, dont n'ast esté faycte exequucion de dernier supplice ne effusion de sang quelconque, n'hont procedé à aulchung retirement, commandant, pour ce, que les aultres prossès des prisoniers de ladicte annee soyent mys en ordre pour les mecstre en leur lieu etc.
A.E.G., R.C. 44, fol. 64 / 08 avril 1549
(Tablaux en la basse crocte de la Moyson de la Ville) — A esté comandé aut contreroleur Mallagnyoz de fere fayre des tablaux en ladicte crocte pour il reduyir les droys de la Ville, et que la grande garde-robbe de noyer qu'est en ladicte crocte soyt retiré par ledictz contreroleur affin de la vendre aut plus aoffrant.
A.E.G., R.C. 44, fol. 106v° / 20 mai 1549
(Le seigneur Roset, commissaire general) — Sur ce que daventaige ilz az exposer que à tous propost aulcungs demandent estre informer par bonnes recongnoissances etc. et qui fault pourter les livres etc., arresté que tel qui vouldront estre informé, que ilz soyent pourter les livres par le seigneur procureur general ou led. seigneur commissaire general, aux despens des parties, non point de la Seigneurie.
A.E.G., R.C. 44, fol. 219 / 20 septembre 1549
(Le seigneur Roset) — Lequel a exposer qui a envyron d'ung an passé qui luy fust donné en charge de reduyre adroyt les droys de la Ville, dont ilz az faict son temps desjà au derniers quartemps, et dempuis à servir jusques à present, requerant luy faire faire son mandement des present quartemps et provoistre si placit à Messieurs, de luy provoistre si leurs plaict (sic) qui soit plus commissaire general ou bien le demectre dud. office, que de gaige ilz n'en aye plus, toutesfois que ce qui az faict jusques à present et qui fera ad l'advenir, que ilz soit veu et que sellon cella, ilz soyt gracieusementz contenté.
A.E.G., R.C. 44, fol. 284 / 05 décembre 1549 [published in S.D.G., t. II, n° 862, p. 528 : la ratiffication se fera le 07 février 1550 (A.E.G, R.C. 44, fol. 319)]
(Consiitu[ci]ons des secretaires de la Maison de la Ville et Conseilz, n. Claude Roset et François Beguin) — Les seigneurs commis ont relatté touchant au faict de retiré les droys de la Seigniorie et les mettre adroitz, pource que le seigneur Rozet disoit avoer faict son temps et que y n'y seroit plus vacqué sans gage et leur semble que pour l'honneur et prouffi de la Seigniorie qui seroit bon de faire deux secretayres et qui yl heussent la charge de les retiré ainsi comment le seigneur Rozet avoit commencé, et qui seroit bon qui futz les seigneurs Rozet et Beguin, tous deux en semblable degré, et mesme preheminence, ce que l'ung d'iceulx doibge demeuré en la Maison de Messieurs, que sera à leur choix et que y n'en porte poynt de lyvre ny de droys hors lad. Maison. Et avoer entendu le contenuz dessus-dict, resoluz que lesd. seigneurs Rozet et Beguin soient leurs secretayres, tous en une mesme qualité et preheminence, et qui doibgent faire et vacqué et faire comment dessus est dict, et auront de gage, pour ung chascung, tous les ans, cent florins, et lesd. seigneur secretaires ont accepté etc. et ont faict le serement etc., et ont estés mis en leurs places, les remettant au premier Conseil de Deux Cens pour les ratiffié etc.
Du commandement de Messeigneurs, Pierre Wandel.
A.E.G., R.C. 44, fol. 334 / 04 mars 1550
(Maison pour le secretaire) — Sur ce que le seigneur secretaire Roset a requis luy baillé eslargissement pour sa residence et demourance pour tenir ses droys et aultres, affin de myeulx parfaire en son office et preservations des droys de la Seigneurie, et luy faire vascuer les chambres de la Chambre des Comptes, et après avoir ouyr ladicte requeste, arresté qu'elles soyent vascuez et que les seigneurs de la Chambre des Comptes, le seigneur tresorier et le seigneur conterolleur visitent la maison au près pour ilz faire ladicte Chambre des Comptes ou là hout ilz verront estre expedient.
1Il s’agit des folios 130-130v°.
And much more
Here are a few ways to broaden your knowledge and discover other archives:
- Fabio ANTONINI, Historical uses of the secret chancery in Early Modern Venice: archiving, researching and representing the records of State, London: Birkbeck College, University of London, 2020, 274 p.: PhD thesis (web)
- Arnaud BARTOLOMEI / Mathieu GRENET / Fabrice JESNÉ / Jörg ULBERT, "La chancellerie consulaire française, XVIe - XXe siècle: attributions, organisation, agents, usagers", Mélanges de l'École française de Rome - Italie et Méditerranée modernes et contemporaines, vol. 128, n° 2, 2016, [10 p.] , online (web)
- Paul-M. BONDOIS, "Les chancelleries présidiales au XVIe siècle", Revue du XVIe siècle, n° 1, 1913, pp. 521-528 (web)
- Chantal CAMENISCH, "The potential of late Medieval and Early Modern narrative sources from Switzerland for the climate history of the Fourteenth Century", in Martin BAUCH / Gerrit Jasper SCHENK, eds., The crisis of the 14th century. Teleconnections between environmental and societal change?, Berlin: de Gruyter, 2020, pp. 43-61 (web)
- Jean COURVOISIER, A brief guide to the archives of the Ancien Regime, Neuchâtel (CH): Archives d'État de Neucâtel, 2006, 10 p.: first ed. 1981 in French (web)
- Gilbert COUTAZ, Histoire des archives de la ville de Lausanne des origines à aujourd'hui (1401-1986), Lausanne (CH): Économat de Lausanne, 1986, 124 p.
- Randolph Conrad HEAD, "Keeping and organizing information from the Middle Ages to the Sixteenth Century, in Making archives in Early Modern Europe: proof, information, and political record-keeping, 1400-1700, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, pp. 91-117 (web)
- Randolph Conrad HEAD, "Mirroring governance: archives, inventories, and political knowledge in Early Modern Switzerland and Europe", Archival science, vol. 7, 2007, pp. 317-329 (web)
- Xavier HÉLARY / Jean-François NIEUS / Alain PROVOST / Marc SUTTOR, eds., Les archives princières, XIIe - XVe siècles, Arras (FR): Artois Presse Université, 2016, 344 p. (web)
- Sylvie LE CLECH, Chancellerie et culture au XVIe siècle. Les notaires et les secrétaires du roi de 1515 à 1547, Toulouse (FR): Presses universitaires du Mirail, 1993, 352 p.
- Hélène MICHAUD, La grande chancellerie et les ecritures royales au XVIe siècle (1515-1589), Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1967, 419 p.
- Emmanuelle PORTUGAL, "Le miroir et la plume: Registres, notaires-secrétaires et chancellerie royale au coeur du XIVe siècle", Circé: histoire, savoirs, sociétés, vol. 3, n° 1, 2013, online (web)
- Coraline REY, "Pratiques archivistiques et mises en registres à Cîteaux; des originaux au "monument" de Jean de Cirey (XIIe - début XVIe siècles)", Circé: histoire, savoirs, sociétés, vol. 2, n° 2, 2012, online (web)
- Peter RÜCK, L'ordinamento degli archivi ducali di Savoia sotto Amedeo VIII (1398-1451), 156 p.: trans. by Sandro d'Andrea-Matteo
- Alessandro SILVESTRI, "Swine at the chancery and locks to chests: dispersal, destruction, and accumulation of Sicily's financial archives in later Middel Ages", Archival science, vol. 22, 2022, pp. 189-208 web)
- Alexandra WALSHAM, "The social history of the archive: record-keeping in Early Modern Europe", Past and present, vol. 230, n° suppl. 11, 2016, pp. 9-48 (web)
RCnum PROJECT
This historical popularization podcast is developed as part of the interdisciplinary project entitled "A semantic and multilingual online edition of the Registers of the Council of Geneva / 1545-1550" (RCnum) and developed by the University of Geneva (UNIGE), as part of funding from the Swiss National Scientific Research Fund (SNSF). For more information: https://www.unige.ch/registresconseilge/en.